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A technique is developed to identify the types of atmosphere-ocean interaction during ElNiñoSouthernOscillation events using sea surface temperature, sea level pressure (SLP), and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. Two pairs of indices are derived that separate the interactions into tropical and subtropical types and basin-wide and local types. The dominant interaction type for the observed ElNiño events since 1980 is identified and shown to shift with time from the tropical to subtropical and frombasin-wide to local. Thus, the 21st century ElNiños have become dominated by subtropical and local interactions, in strong contrast to the 20th century ElNiños that were dominated by the tropical and basin-wide interactions. These changes result in the 1997–98 and 2015–16 extreme ElNiños being different in their evolutions and global impacts, despite having similar intensities. SLP is the key variable for separating the tropical and subtropical types of interactions, whileOLR is the key variable for separating the basin-wide and local types of interactions.

Identifying the complex types of atmosphere-ocean interactions in El Niño