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Temperate forests regrowing fromhistorical land use and land cover change in the easternUS serve as carbon (C) sinks. Environmental drivers have been significantly altered (e.g. rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, warmer temperature, and elevated nitrogen (N) deposition) andwill have awide range of impacts on future forest C sinks. However, the interactions among these environmental drivers are unclear and their effects are subject to uncertainty.We assessed the combined and interactive effects of rising CO2 concentration, climate change (temperature, precipitation), andNdeposition on forest aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and their relative contribution toANPP changes of a temperate forest in the easternUS.Weused a process-based ecosystemmodel PnET-day to simulate coupled cycles of C, water, andNof forest ecosystems.We found that (1) climate change exerted negative effects onANPP (−0.250 kg Cm yr)whereas rising CO2 andNdeposition enhanced ANPP (+0.253,+0.014 kg Cm yr); (2) climate change interactedwith risingCO2 andN deposition to decrease ANPP (−0.032,−0.018 kg Cm yr); rising CO2 andNdeposition acted in synergy to increase ANPP (+0.014 kg Cm yr); (3) changes in ANPPweremainly attributed to rising CO2 and climate changewhereasNdeposition effects and any twoor three-factor interactive effects were relatively small. Our results suggest that the total negative effect sizes will not be offset by the total positive effect sizes, thus resulting in reductions in forest ANPPover the 21st century.

Effects of rising atmospheric CO2, climate change, and nitrogen deposition on aboveground net primary production in a temperate forest

Effects of rising atmospheric CO₂, climate change, and nitrogen deposition on aboveground net primary production in a temperate forest