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Background: Current climate changemitigation policies, including the Paris Agreement, are based on territorial greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting. This neglects theunderstanding ofGHGemissions embodied in trade. As a solution, consumption-based accounting (CBA) that reveals the lifecycle emissions, including transboundaryflows, is gaining support as a complementary information tool. CBA is particularly relevant in cities that tend to outsource a large part of their production-based emissions to their hinterlands.WhileCBAhas so far beenused relatively little in practical policymaking, it has been usedwidely by scientists.Methods anddesign: The purpose of this systematic review,which coversmore than 100 studies, is to reflect the policy implications of consumption-based carbon footprint (CBCF) studies at different spatial scales. The reviewwas conducted by reading through the discussion sections of the reviewed studies and systematically collecting the given policy suggestions for different spatial scales. Weusedbothnumerical andqualitativemethods to organize and interpret thefindings of the review. Review results anddiscussion: Themotivation for the reviewwas to investigatewhether the unique consumptionperspective ofCBA leads to similarly unique policy features.We found that various carbon pricing policies are themostwidely supported policy instrument in the relevant literature.However, overall, there is a shortage of discussiononpolicy instruments, since the policy discussions focus on policy outcomes, such as behavioral change or technological solutions. In addition, somepolicy recommendations are conflicting. Particularly, urban density and compact city policies are supported by some studies andquestionedby others. To clarify the issue,we examinedhow the results regarding the relationship betweenurbandevelopment and theCBCFvary. The reviewprovides a concise starting point for policymakers and future research by summarizing the timely policy implications.

What can we learn from consumption-based carbon footprints at different spatial scales? Review of policy implications