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Heat and drought are projected to increase globally butmay bemitigated or exacerbated by land use/land cover (LULC) change.Here, we show that remote land-atmosphere feedbacks caused by historical European LULC change led towidespread changes in the energy andwater balances, drought, and heat. Using a continental-scale bedrock-to-atmospheremodel, we find that LULC change following the Soviet Union collapse and EuropeanUnion formationmay have substantially increased cloud cover and decreased incoming shortwave radiation inwestern Europe, even in locationswhere LULCdid not change. These changes to thewater and energy balances had spatially heterogeneous impacts on drought and heat, including drying in theMediterranean and Eastern Europe regions. The response of thewater and energy balances to remote feedbacks was lessened in areaswith shallow groundwater, indicating that localand continental-scale responses to LULC change are influenced by the coupling between the subsurface, land surface, and atmosphere.

Land use change impacts on European heat and drought: remote land-atmosphere feedbacks mitigated locally by shallow groundwater