Genetic yield gains of winter wheat in Germany over more than 100 years (1895–2007) under contrasting fertilizer applications

16 For highly productive regions such as Germany, the increase of wheat grain yields observed 17 throughout the 20th century is largely attributed to the progress in crop breeding and agronomic 18 management. However, several studies indicate a strong variability of the genetic contribution 19 across locations that further varies with experimental design and variety selection. It is therefore 20 still unclear to which extent management conditions have promoted the realization of the breeding 21 progress in Germany over the last 100+ years. We established a side-by-side cultivation 22 experiment over two seasons (2014/2015 and 2015/2016) including 16 winter wheat varieties 23 released in Germany between 1895 and 2007. The varieties were grown using 24 different long24 term fertilization treatments established in 1904 (Dikopshof, Germany). Averaged over all 25 cultivars and treatments mean yields of 6.88 t ha and 5.15 t ha were estimated in 2015 and 2016, 26 respectively. A linear mixed effects analysis was performed to study the treatment-specific relation 27 between grain yields and year of variety release. Results indicate a linear increase in grain yields 28 ranging from 0.025 to 0.032 t ha year (0.304 to 0.387 % year) in plots that were treated with 29 combined synthetic-organic fertilizers without signs of a leveling-off. Yields from low or 30 unfertilized plots do not show a significant progress in yield. Responsiveness of mean yields to 31 fertilizer management increases with year of release and indicates small yield penalties under very 32 low nutrient supply. Results highlight the need to consider the importance of long-term soil 33 fertilization management for the realization of genetic gains and the value of long-term fertilization 34 experiments to study interactions between genetic potential and management. 35