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Organic farming is increasingly recognized as a prototype for sustainable agriculture. Its\udguidelines ban the use of articial fertilizers. However, organic farms may import nutrients\udfrom conventional farming through material exchanges. In this study, we aimed at estimating\udthe magnitude of these ows through the quantication of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium\udinows from conventional farming to organic farming. Material inows and outows were\udcollected for two cropping years on 63 farms. The farms were located in three French\udagricultural districts distributed over a gradient of farming activity dened by both the\udstocking rate and the ratio of the farm area under arable crops. Our results showed that on\udaverage, inows from conventional farming were 23%, 73% and 53% for nitrogen,\udphosphorus and potassium, respectively. These inows were strongly determined by the farm\udproduction systems. However, for farms similar in terms of production systems, the inows\udalso depended on the local context, such as the proximity of organic livestock farms: the\udreliance of organic farming on conventional farming was lower in mixed than in specialized\uddistricts. These results highlight the necessity to quantify the contribution of nutrient inows\udfrom conventional farming when assessing organic farming and development scenarios

To what extent does organic farming rely on nutrient inflows from conventional farming?