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markdownabstract__Abstract__\ud\udIntegrated assessment models suggest that the large-scale deployment of bioenergy could contribute to\udambitious climate change mitigation efforts. However, such a shift would intensify the global competition\udfor land, with possible consequences for 1.5 billion smallholder livelihoods that these models do not\udconsider. Maintaining and enhancing robust livelihoods upon bioenergy deployment is an equally important\udsustainability goal that warrants greater attention. The social implications of biofuel production are\udcomplex, varied and place-specific, difficult to model, operationalize and quantify. However, a rapidly\uddeveloping body of social science literature is advancing the understanding of these interactions. In this\udletter we link human geography research on the interaction between biofuel crops and livelihoods in\uddeveloping countries to integrated assessments on biofuels. We review case-study research focused on\udfirst-generation biofuel crops to demonstrate that food, income, land and other assets such as health are key\udlivelihood dimensions that can be impacted by such crops and we highlight how place-specific and global\uddynamics influence both aggregate and distributional outcomes across these livelihood dimensions. We\udargue that place-specific production models and land tenure regimes mediate livelihood outcomes, which\udare also in turn affected by global and regional markets and their resulting equilibrium dynamics. The\udplace-specific perspective suggests that distributional consequences are a crucial complement to aggregate\udoutcomes; this has not been given enough weight in comprehensive assessments to date. By narrowing the\udgap between place-specific case studies and global models, our discussion offers a route towards integrating\udlivelihood and equity considerations into scenarios of future bioenergy deployment, thus contributing to a\udkey challenge in sustainability sciences

Integrating place-specific livelihood and equity outcomes into global assessments of bioenergy deployment