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Optimization of an area detector involves compromises between variousparameters like frame rate, read noise, dynamic range and pixel size. We haveimplemented and tested a novel front-end binning design in a photon-integratinghybrid pixel array detector using the MM-PAD-2.0 pixel architecture. In thisarchitecture, the pixels can be optionally binned in a 2$\times$2 pixelconfiguration using a network of switches to selectively direct the output of 4sensor pixels to a single amplifier input. Doing this allows a trade-offbetween frame rate and spatial resolution. Tests show that the binned pixelsperform well, but with some degradation on performance as compared to anun-binned pixel. The increased parasitic input capacitance does reduce thesignal collected per x-ray as well as increases the noise of the pixel. Theincrease in noise is, however, less than the factor of 2 increase one wouldobserve for binning in post-processing. Spatial scans across the binned pixelsshow that no measured signal intensity is lost at the inner binning unitboundaries. In the high flux regime, at a 2$\times$2 pixel wide beam spot(FWHM) size, binned mode responds linearly up to a photon flux of ~10$^{7}$x-rays/s, and performs comparably with un-binned mode up to a photon flux of~10$^{8}$ x-rays/s. While this study demonstrates a proof of concept forfront-end binning in integrating detectors, we also identify changes to thisearly-stage prototype which can further improve the performance of binningpixel structures.

Characterization of an architecture for front-end pixel binning in an integrating pixel array detector