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The Muon $g-2$ experiment, E989, is currently taking data at Fermilab withthe aim of reducing the experimental error on the muon anomaly by a factor offour and possibly clarifying the current discrepancy with the theoreticalprediction. A central component of this four-fold improvement in precision isthe laser calibration system of the calorimeters, which has to monitor the gainvariations of the photo-sensors with a 0.04\% precision on the short-term($\sim 1\,$ms). This is about one order of magnitude better than what has everbeen achieved for the calibration of a particle physics calorimeter. The systemis designed to monitor also long-term gain variations, mostly due totemperature effects, with a precision below the per mille level. This articlereviews the design, the implementation and the performance of the Muon $g-2$laser calibration system, showing how the experimental requirements have beenmet.

The laser-based gain monitoring system of the calorimeters in the Muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab