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Background: Treatment verification with PET imaging in charged particletherapy is conventionally done by comparing measurements of spatialdistributions with Monte Carlo (MC) predictions. However, decay curves canprovide additional independent information about the treatment and theirradiated tissue. Most studies performed so far focus on long time intervals.Here we investigate the reliability of MC predictions of space and time (decayrate) profiles shortly after irradiation, and we show how the decay rates cangive an indication about the elements of which the phantom is made up.  Methods and Materials: Various phantoms were irradiated in clinical andnear-clinical conditions at the Cyclotron Centre of the Bronowice protontherapy centre. PET data were acquired with a planar 16x16 cm$^2$ PET system.MC simulations of particle interactions and photon propagation in the phantomswere performed using the FLUKA code. The analysis included a comparison betweenexperimental data and MC simulations of space and time profiles, as well as afitting procedure to obtain the various isotope contributions in the phantoms.  Results and conclusions: There was a good agreement between data and MCpredictions in 1-dimensional space and decay rate distributions. The fractionsof $^{11}$C, $^{15}$O and $^{10}$C that were obtained by fitting the decayrates with multiple simple exponentials generally agreed well with the MCexpectations. We found a small excess of $^{10}$C in data compared to what waspredicted in MC, which was clear especially in the PE phantom.

Analysis of time-profiles with in-beam PET monitoring in charged particle therapy