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During the asymptoyic giant branch (AGB) phase, different elements aredredge-up to the stellar surface depending on progenitor mass and metallicity.When the mass loss increases at the end of the AGB, a circumstellar dust shellis formed, where different (C-rich or O-rich) molecules and solid-statecompounds are formed. These are further processed in the transition phasebetween AGB stars and planetary nebulae (PNe) to create more complex organicmolecules and inorganic solid-state compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons, fullerenes, and graphene precursors in C-rich environments andoxides and crystalline silicates in O-rich ones). We present an observationalreview of the different molecules and solid-state materials that are formedfrom the AGB to the PN phases. We focus on the formation routes of complexfullerene (and fullerene-based) molecules as well as on the level of dustprocessing depending on metallicity.

On the formation of molecules and solid-state compounds from the AGB to the PN phases