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Cities play a pivotal role in the global economy as they are the hubs of trade, industry as well as social and cultural activities. Nowadays, more than 50% of the world’s population live in cities and this number is steadily rising throughout the upcoming few years leading to a highly significant change in the world’s demography. This remarkable growth in urbanization will make cities struggling to provide the basic services to their citizens and will encounter enormous challenges such as traffic congestion, more pollution, excessive energy consumption, extreme water usage, more waste, etc. Consequently, a smart mechanism needs to be implemented in-place to effectively manage the natural resources and assets within cities to ensure the sustainability of services and to provide a high quality of life to residents. Hence, the concept of smart cities has been introduced and becomes one of the most focal and hottest research areas in recent years. Generally, smart city is a combination of urban systems that are interconnected to each other using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) along with Internet of Things (IoT). The shift from a single system to systems of systems would accelerate the development of various sectors including healthcare, education, transportation, economy, energy, housing, etc. Nevertheless, this transfer is extremely challenging due to various aspects related to infrastructure concerns, data storage, subsystems integration as well as managing data in decision support systems (DSS) for end-users. This paper elaborates on the current state-of-the-art in the Systems of Systems Engineering in the context of smart cities. In addition, it highlights some of the smart cities long-term challenges, potential solutions along with new research directions.

Challenges and New Research Directions to the Development of Smart Cities: Systems-of-Systems Perspective