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As the offshore wind industry moves toward larger wind turbines and deeper water, wave-induced loads on large-diameter monopiles are of increasing importance for ultimate limit state design checks. The combination of a relatively large diameter with steep waves in intermediate water depth presents challenges for numerical methods, and small-scale hydrodynamic testing of monopiles is therefore a necessary step in reducing the uncertainties in numerical analyses. Here, we aim to summarize the experimental observations in a new set of tests carried out with a flexible monopile wind turbine, and to understand the similarities and differences between these results and previous studies. Compared to previous studies, the present tests consider a larger monopile diameter and hub height, and include a larger number of realizations and repetitions. The distribution of extreme values and the contributions from different structural modes are studied. These experimental results provide insight into the physical effects which must be accurately captured by numerical tools that are used in design.

Observations from hydrodynamic testing of a flexible, large-diameter monopile in irregular waves