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The hypothesis that living systems can benefit from operating at the vicinityof critical points has gained momentum in recent years. Criticality may conferan optimal balance between exceedingly ordered and too noisy states. We herepresent a model, based on information theory and statistical mechanics,illustrating how and why a community of agents aimed at understanding andcommunicating with each other converges to a globally coherent state in whichall individuals are close to an internal critical state, i.e. at the borderlinebetween order and disorder. We study --both analytically and computationally--the circumstances under which criticality is the best possible outcome of thedynamical process, confirming the convergence to critical points under verygeneric conditions. Finally, we analyze the effect of cooperation (agents tryto enhance not only their fitness, but also that of other individuals) andcompetition (agents try to improve their own fitness and to diminish those ofcompetitors) within our setting. The conclusion is that, while competitionfosters criticality, cooperation hinders it and can lead to more ordered ormore disordered consensual solutions.

Cooperation, competition and the emergence of criticality in communities of adaptive systems