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We investigate dielectric saturation and increment in polar liquids underexternal fields. We couple a previously introduced dipolar solvent model to auniform electric field and derive the electrostatic kernel of interactingdipoles. This procedure allows an unambiguous definition of the liquiddielectric permittivity embodying non-linear dielectric response andcorrelation effects.We find that the presence of the external field results ina dielectric anisotropy characterized by a two-component dielectricpermittivity tensor. The increase of the electric field amplifies thepermittivity component parallel to the field direction, i.e. dielectricincrement is observed along the field. However, the perpendicular component islowered below the physiological permittivity, indicating dielectric saturationperpendicular to the field. By comparison with Molecular Dynamics simulationsfrom the literature, we show that the mean-field level dielectric responsetheory underestimates dielectric saturation. The inclusion of dipolarcorrelations at the weak-coupling level intensify the mean-field leveldielectric saturation and improves the agreement with simulation data at weakelectric fields. The correlation-corrected theory predicts as well the presenceof a metastable configuration corresponding to the antiparallel alignment ofdipoles with the field. This prediction can be verified by solvent-explicitsimulations where solvent molecules are expected to be trapped transiently inthis metastable state.

Dielectric anisotropy in polar solvents under external fields