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We study experimentally the nonequilibrium phase behaviour of a horizontalmonolayer of macroscopic rods. The motion of the rods in two dimensions isdriven by vibrations in the vertical direction. Aside from the controlvariables of packing fraction and aspect ratio that are typically explored inmolecular liquid crystalline systems, due to the macroscopic size of theparticles we are also able to investigate the effect of the precise shape ofthe particle on the steady states of this driven system. We find that the shapeplays an important role in determining the nature of the orientational orderingat high packing fraction. Cylindrical particles show substantial tetraticcorrelations over a range of aspect ratios where spherocylinders havepreviously been shown by Bates et al (JCP 112, 10034 (2000)) to undergotransitions between isotropic and nematic phases. Particles that are thinner atthe ends (rolling pins or bails) show nematic ordering over the same range ofaspect ratios, with a well-established nematic phase at large aspect ratio anda defect-ridden nematic state with large-scale swirling motion at small aspectratios. Finally, long-grain, basmati rice, whose geometry is intermediatebetween the two shapes above, shows phases with strong indications of smecticorder.Comment: 18 pages and 13 eps figures, references adde

Nonequilibrium steady states in a vibrated-rod monolayer: tetratic, nematic, and smectic correlations