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Raman microscopy is one of the methods that could be used for futurepost-mortem analyses of samples extracted from ITER plasma facing. This studyshows that this technique is useful for studying tungsten-based materialscontaining impurities including oxides and nitrides. Here, we apply pulsedlaser deposition and DC argon glow discharges to produce tungsten-containingsynthetic films (compact, porous) and nanoparticles and investigate theinfluence of their morphology on the measured Raman spectra. The amounts ofoxygen and/or nitrogen in the films are also investigated. Comparative data areobtained by X-ray Photoelectrons Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy,Electron Microscopies (Scanning and Transmission), Energy Dispersive X-rayspectroscopy, Time-of-Flight Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. The powerdensity of the laser beam used to perform Raman microscopy is varied by up to 4orders of magnitude (0.01-20 mW/$\mu$m 2) to investigate thermal stability offilms and nanoparticles. As a first result, we give evidence that Ramanmicroscopy is sensitive enough to detect surface native oxides. Secondly, moretungsten oxides are detected in porous materials and nanoparticles than incompact films, and the intensities of the Raman band correlate to their oxygencontent. Thirdly, thermal stability of these films (i.e. structural andchemical modification under laser heating) is poor when compact films contain asufficiently large amount of nitrogen. This finding suggests that nitrogen canbe substituted by oxygen during Raman laser induced heating occurring inambient air. Finally, our methodology can be used to rapidly characterizemorphology and chemistry of the samples analyzed, and also to create oxides atthe micrometer scale. keywords: PLD, Raman spectroscopy, tungsten oxide,tungsten nitride, plasma wall interaction, laser heating, post-mortem analysis2

nuclear fusion

Post-mortem analysis of tungsten plasma facing components in tokamaks:  Raman microscopy measurements on compact, porous oxide and nitride films and  nanoparticles