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The set of equations describing nonlinear evolution of a single toroidalAlfven eigenmode are derived, including both zero frequency zonal structure(ZFZS) generation and wave-particle phase space nonlinearities. The simplifiedcase of neglecting wave-particle phase space nonlinearity is then investigatedto focus on different roles of energetic particles and bulk plasmas on ZFZSgeneration. It is shown that energetic particles and bulk plasma play dominantroles in ZFZS generation in different nonlinear stages, and the correspondingprocesses are qualitatively different. Several properties of ZFZS generation,e.g., fine- vs. meso-scale, forced driven vs. spontaneous excitation, areclarified by the present analysis.

Nonlinear excitation of fine-radial-scale zonal structures by toroidal Alfven eigenmode