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To evaluate the role of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) on Northern Hemisphere(NH) surface air temperature trends it is important to have reliable estimatesof both quantities. 16 different TSI estimates were compiled from theliterature. 1/2 of these estimates are low variability and 1/2 are highvariability. 5 largely-independent methods for estimating NH temperature trendswere evaluated using: 1) only rural weather stations; 2) all available stationswhether urban or rural (the standard approach); 3) only sea surfacetemperatures; 4) tree-ring temperature proxies; 5) glacier length temperatureproxies. The standard estimates using urban as well as rural stations wereanomalous as they implied a much greater warming in recent decades than theother estimates. This suggests urbanization bias might still be a problem incurrent global temperature datasets despite the conclusions of some earlierstudies. Still, all 5 estimates confirm it is currently warmer than the late19th century, i.e., there has been some global warming since 1850. For the 5estimates of NH temperatures, the contribution from direct solar forcing forall 16 estimates of TSI was evaluated using simple linear least-squaresfitting. The role of human activity in recent warming was then calculated byfitting the residuals to the UN IPCC's recommended anthropogenic forcings timeseries. For all 5 NH temperature series, different TSI estimates impliedeverything from recent global warming being mostly human-caused to it beingmostly natural. It seems previous studies (including the most recent IPCCreports) that had prematurely concluded the former failed to adequatelyconsider all the relevant estimates of TSI and/or to satisfactorily address theuncertainties still associated with NH temperature trend estimates. Severalrecommendations are provided on how future research could more satisfactorilyresolve these issues.

How much has the Sun influenced Northern Hemisphere temperature trends? An ongoing debate