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Extreme space weather events including $\ge$X5.0 flares, ground levelenhancement (GLE) events and super geomagnetic storms (Dst $\le$ -250 nT)caused by super active regions (SARs) during solar cycles 21-24 were studied.The total number of $\ge$X5.0 solar flares was 62, 41 of them were X5.0-X9.9flares and 21 of them were $\ge$X10.0 flares. We found that 83.9\% of the$\ge$X5.0 flares were produced by SARs. 78.05\% of the X5.0-X9.9 and 95.24\% ofthe $\ge$X10.0 solar flares were produced by SARs. 46 GLEs registered duringsolar cycles 21-24, and 25 GLEs were caused by SARs, indicating that 54.3\% ofthe GLEs were caused by SARs. 24 super geomagnetic storms were recorded duringsolar cycles 21-24, and 12 of them were caused by SARs, namely 50\% of thesuper geomagnetic storms are caused by SARs. It is found that only 29 SARs canproduce $\ge$X5.0 flares, 15 SARs can produce GLEs and 10 SARs can producesuper geomagnetic storms. Of the 51 SARs, only 33 SARs can produce at least oneextreme space weather event, while none of the rest 18 SARs can produce anextreme space weather event. There were only 4 SARs, each of them can producenot only a $\ge$X5.0 flare, but also a GLE event and a super geomagnetic storm.Most of the extreme space weather events caused by the SARs appeared duringsolar cycles 22 and 23, especially for GLE events and super geomagnetic storms.The longitudinal distributions of source locations for the extreme spaceweather events caused by SARs were also studied.

Extreme space weather events caused by super active regions during solar cycles 21-24