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Up to the present, the wave union method can achieve the best timingperformance in FPGA based TDC designs. However, it should be guaranteed in sucha structure that the non-thermometer code to binary code (NTH2B) encodingprocess should be finished within just one system clock cycle. So theimplementation of the NTH2B encoder is quite challenging considering the highspeed requirement. Besides, the high resolution wave union TDC also demands theencoder to convert an ultra-wide input code to a binary code. We present a fastimproved fat tree encoder (IFTE) to fulfill such requirements, in which bubbleerror suppression is also integrated. With this encoder scheme, a wave unionTDC with 7.7 ps RMS and 3.8 ps effective bin size was implemented in an FPGAfrom Xilinx Virtex 5 family. An encoding time of 8.33 ns was achieved for a276-bit non-thermometer code to a 9-bit binary code conversion. We conducted aseries of tests on the oscillating period of the wave union launcher, as wellas the overall performance of the TDC; test results indicate that the IFTEworks well. In fact, in the implementation of this encoder, no manual routingor special constrains were required; therefore, this IFTE structure could alsobe further applied in other delay chain based FPGA TDCs.

A Fast Improved Fat Tree Encoder for Wave Union TDC in an FPGA