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To investigate the evacuation behaviors of pedestrians considering action ofthe guard and develop an effective evacuation strategy in the artificialattack, an extended floor field model was proposed. In this model, the assaulton pedestrians, the death of pedestrians and the capture of the guard wereinvolved simultaneously. An alternative evacuation strategy which can largelyreduce the number of death was developed and effects of several key parameterssuch as the deterrence radius and capture distance on evacuation dynamics werestudied. Results show that congestion near the exit has dual effects. Morespecially, the guard could catch all attackers in a short time because theattackers would have more concentrated distribution, but more casualties wouldhappen because pedestrians are hard to escape the attack due to congestion. Incontrast, when pedestrians have more preference of approaching the guard,although the guard would take more time to capture the attackers result fromthe dispersion of attackers, the death toll would decrease. One of the reasonis the dispersal of the crowd and the decrease in congestion would bebeneficial for escape. Another is the attackers would be killed beforelaunching the attack to the people those are around the guard, in other words,the guard would protect a large number of pedestrians from being killed.Moreover, increasing capture distance of the guard can effectively reduce thecasualties and the catch time. As the deterrence radius reflecting the tendencyof escaping from the guard for attackers rises, it would become more difficultfor the guard to catch the attackers and more casualties are caused. However,when the deterrence radius reaches a certain level, the number of deaths wouldbe reduced because the attackers would prefer to stay as far away as possiblefrom instead of the position where they could attack more people.

Evacuation simulation considering action of the guard in an artificial attack