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Counterfactual quantum cryptography (CQC), recently proposed by Noh, isfeatured with no transmission of signal particles. This exhibits evidentsecurity advantage, such as its immunity to the well known PNS attack. In thispaper, the theoretical security of CQC protocol against the generalintercept-resend attacks is proved by bounding the information of aneavesdropper Eve more tightly than in Yin's proposal[Phys. Rev. A 82, 042335(2010)]. It is also showed that practical CQC implementations may be vulnerablewhen equipped with imperfect apparatuses, by proving that a negative key ratecan be achieved when Eve launches a time-shift attack based on imperfectdetector efficiency.

Security proof of Counterfactual Quantum Cryptography against General Intercept-resend Attacks and Its Vulnerability