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Crowded environments modify the diffusion of macromolecules, generallyslowing their movement and inducing transient anomalous subdiffusion. Thepresence of obstacles also modifies the kinetics and equilibrium behavior oftracers. While previous theoretical studies of particle diffusion havetypically assumed either impenetrable obstacles or binding interactions thatimmobilize the particle, in many cellular contexts bound particles remainmobile. Examples include membrane proteins or lipids with some entry anddiffusion within lipid domains and proteins that can enter into membranelessorganelles or compartments such as the nucleolus. Using a lattice model, westudied the diffusive movement of tracer particles which bind to softobstacles, allowing tracers and obstacles to occupy the same lattice site. Forsticky obstacles, bound tracer particles are immobile, while for slipperyobstacles, bound tracers can hop without penalty to adjacent obstacles. In bothmodels, binding significantly alters tracer motion. The type and degree ofmotion while bound is a key determinant of the tracer mobility: slipperyobstacles can allow nearly unhindered diffusion, even at high obstacle fillingfraction. To mimic compartmentalization in a cell, we examined how obstaclesize and a range of bound diffusion coefficients affect tracer dynamics. Thebehavior of the model is similar in two and three spatial dimensions. Our workhas implications for protein movement and interactions within cells.

Effects of soft interactions and bound mobility on diffusion in crowded environments: a model of sticky and slippery obstacles