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The combined fit of the measured energy spectrum and shower maximum depthdistributions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is known to constrain theparameters of astrophysical models with homogeneous source distributions.Studies of the distribution of the cosmic-ray arrival directions show a betteragreement with models in which a fraction of the flux is non-isotropic andassociated with the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A or with catalogs such asthat of starburst galaxies. Here, we present a novel combination of bothanalyses by a simultaneous fit of arrival directions, energy spectrum, andcomposition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory.  We find that a model containing a flux contribution from the starburst galaxycatalog of around 20% at 40 EeV with a magnetic field blurring of around$20^\circ$ for a rigidity of 10 EV provides a fair simultaneous description ofall three observables. The starburst galaxy model is favored with asignificance of $4.5\sigma$ (considering experimental systematic effects)compared to a reference model with only homogeneously distributed backgroundsources. By investigating a scenario with Centaurus A as a single source incombination with the homogeneous background, we confirm that this region of thesky provides the dominant contribution to the observed anisotropy signal.Models containing a catalog of jetted active galactic nuclei whose flux scaleswith the $\gamma$-ray emission are, however, disfavored as they cannotadequately describe the measured arrival directions.

journal of cosmology and astroparticle physics

Constraining models for the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with  a novel combined analysis of arrival directions, spectrum, and composition  data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory