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We revisit the physics of neutrino magnetic moments, focusing in particularon the case where the right-handed, or sterile, neutrinos are heavier (up toseveral MeV) than the left-handed Standard Model neutrinos. The discussion iscentered around the idea of detecting an upscattering event mediated by atransition magnetic moment in a neutrino or dark matter experiment. Consideringneutrinos from all known sources, as well as including all available data fromXENON1T and Borexino, we derive the strongest up-to-date exclusion limits onthe active-to-sterile neutrino transition magnetic moment. We then studycomplementary constraints from astrophysics and cosmology, performing, inparticular, a thorough analysis of BBN. We find that these data sets scrutinizemost of the relevant parameter space. Explaining the XENON1T excess withtransition magnetic moments is marginally possible if conservative assumptionsare adopted regarding the supernova 1987A and CMB constraints. Finally, wediscuss model-building challenges that arise in scenarios that feature largemagnetic moments while keeping neutrino masses well below 1 eV. We present asuccessful ultraviolet-complete model of this type based on TeV-scaleleptoquarks, establishing links with muon magnetic moment, B physics anomalies,and collider searches at the LHC.

The Neutrino Magnetic Moment Portal: Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Direct Detection