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In the primordial universe, oscillations of heavy fields can be considered asstandard clocks to measure the expansion or contraction history of theuniverse. Those standard clocks provide a model-independent way ofdistinguishing inflation and alternative scenarios. However, the mass of theheavy fields may not be a constant mass, but rather mass dynamically generatedby non-minimal coupling to the Ricci scalar, or self-interactions. In the caseof dynamically generated mass, the mass of the heavy field is generically oforder Hubble, and thus is time-dependent in alternative to inflation scenarios.We show that such dynamically generated mass terms can be considered asnon-standard primordial clocks for alternative to inflation, providing similaroscillatory frequencies as standard clocks of inflation. Additional informationon scale dependence can distinguish such non-standard clocks from standardclocks.

Non-Standard Primordial Clocks from Dynamical Mass in Alternative to Inflation Scenarios