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We present evidence of anisotropic galaxy assembly bias in the BaryonOscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 12 galaxy sample at a levelexceeding $5\sigma$. We use measurements of the line-of-sight velocitydispersion $\sigma_\star$ and stellar mass $M_\star$ to perform a simple splitinto subsamples of galaxies. We show that the amplitude of the monopole andquadrupole moments of the power spectrum depend differently on $\sigma_\star$and $M_\star$, allowing us to split the galaxy sample into subsets withmatching monopoles but significantly different quadrupoles on all scales.Combining data from the LOWZ and CMASS NGC galaxy samples, we find $>5\sigma$evidence for anisotropic bias on scales $k<0.15\,h\,\rm{Mpc}^{-1}$. We alsoexamine splits using other observed properties. For galaxy samples split using$M_\star$ and projected size $R_0$, we find no significant evidence ofanisotropic bias. Galaxy samples selected using additional properties exhibitstrongly varying degrees of anisotropic assembly bias, depending on whichcombination of properties is used to split into subsets. This may explain whyprevious searches for this effect using the Fundamental Plane foundinconsistent results. We conclude that any selection of a galaxy sample thatdepends on $\sigma_\star$ can give biased and incorrect Redshift SpaceDistortion measurements.

Detection of anisotropic galaxy assembly bias in BOSS DR12