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We study derivatively coupled fermions in axion-driven inflation,specifically $m_\phi^2\phi^2$ and monodromy inflation, and calculate particleproduction during the inflationary epoch and the post-inflationary axionoscillations. During inflation, the rolling axion acts as an effective chemicalpotential for helicity which biases the gravitational production of one fermionhelicity over the other. This mechanism allows for efficient gravitationalproduction of heavy fermion states that would otherwise be highly suppressed.Following inflation, the axion oscillates and fermions with both helicities areproduced as the effective frequency of the fermion field changesnon-adiabatically. For certain values of the fermion mass and axion-fermioncoupling strength, the two helicity states are produced asymmetrically,resulting in unequal number-densities of left- and right-helicity fermions.

Fermion production during and after axion inflation