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We experimentally and theoretically investigate in-medium propagation effectsof off-resonant light in dense, spatially homogeneous ultacold atomic gases.Focussing on frequency modulation spectroscopy as the dispersive detection toolof atoms, we observe that the refractive gradient-index lenses presented bylocalised atomic ensembles can significantly modify the interpretation of thedispersive signal even for large probe detuning, owing to the collectivedispersive response of the atoms. We identify criteria for distinguishingbetween thin and thick atomic lenses, leading to either diffraction-dominatedand lensing dominated regimes for the outgoing probe beams. Our findings areconsistent with experimental data and solutions of paraxial wave equation forlight propagation. Our study provides important practical insights fordispersive, minimally intrusive optical detection and imaging schemes ofultracold atoms and will be valuable for choosing optimal parameter regimes innumerous applications.

Dispersive detection of atomic ensembles in the presence of strong lensing