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Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with the death ofmetal-poor massive stars. Even though they are highly transient events veryhard to localize, they are so bright that they can be detected in the mostdifficult environments. GRB observations are unveiling a surprising view of thechemical state of the distant universe (redshifts z > 2). Contrary to what isexpected for a high-z metal-poor star, the neutral interstellar medium (ISM)around GRBs is not metal poor (metallicities vary from ~1/10 solar at z = 6.3to about solar at z = 2) and is enriched with dust (90-99% of iron is in solidform). If these metallicities are combined with those measured in the warm ISMof GRB host galaxies at z < 1, a redshift evolution is observed. Such anevolution predicts that the stellar masses of the hosts are in the range M* =10^(8.6-9.8) Msun. This prediction makes use of the mass-metallicity relation(and its redshift evolution) observed in normal star-forming galaxies.Independent measurements coming from the optical-NIR photometry of GRB hostsindicate the same range of stellar masses, with a typical value similar to thatof the Large Magellanic Cloud. This newly detected population ofintermediate-mass galaxies is very hard to find at high redshift usingconventional astronomy. However, it offers a compelling and relativelyinexpensive opportunity to explore galaxy formation and cosmic chemicalevolution beyond known borders, from the primordial universe to the present.

GRBs as cosmological probes—cosmic chemical evolution