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Here we investigate the stabilization process on the active outer/inner surfaces (or the end plane of a graphene sheet) for shortened cup-stacked-type carbon nanotubes caused by annealing, utilizing both analytic and electrochemical techniques. The suggested schematic procedure for loop formation is as follows: (a) formation of single-type loops between neighbouring truncated conical graphene layers at 900?1200??C through a zipping mechanism after the evolution of hydrogen gas; (b) the transition from single-?to multi-type loops above 1500??C accompanying a decrease in specific surface area.

Transitional behaviour in the transformation from active end planes to stable loops caused by annealing