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The ability to tailor the energy distribution of plasmons at the nanoscalehas many applications in nanophotonics, such as designing plasmon lasers,spasers, and quantum emitters. To this end, we analytically study the energydistribution and the proper field quantization of 2D plasmons with specificexamples for graphene plasmons. We find that the portion of the plasmon energycontained inside graphene (energy confinement factor) can exceed 50%, despitegraphene being infinitely thin. In fact, this very high energy confinement canmake it challenging to tailor the energy distribution of graphene plasmons justby modifying the surrounding dielectric environment or the geometry, such aschanging the separation distance between two coupled graphene layers. However,by adopting concepts of parity-time symmetry breaking, we show that tuning theloss in one of the two coupled graphene layers can simultaneously tailor theenergy confinement factor and propagation characteristics, causing thephenomenon of loss-induced plasmonic transparency.

Tailoring the energy distribution and loss of 2D plasmons