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The steady shear rheology of granular materials is investigated in slowquasi-static states and inertial flows. The effect of the gravity field andcontact stiffness, which are conventionally trivialized is the focus of thisstudy. Series of Discrete Element Method simulations are performed on a weaklyfrictional granular assembly in a split-bottom geometry considering variousgravity fields and contact stiffnesses. While traditionally the inertialnumber, i.e., the ratio of stress to strain-rate timescales describes the flowrheology, we find that a second dimensionless number, the ratio of softness andstress timescales, must also be included to characterize the bulk flowbehavior. For slow, quasi-static flows, the density increases while themacroscopic friction decreases with respective increase in particle softnessand gravity. This trend is added to the $\mu(I)$ rheology and can be tracedback to the anisotropy in the contact network, displaying a linear correlationbetween macroscopic friction and deviatoric fabric in the steady state.Interestingly, the linear relation holds when the external rotation rate isincreased for a given gravity field and contact stiffness.

Role of gravity or confining pressure and contact stiffness in granular rheology