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Recent experimental discoveries have brought a diverse set of broken symmetrystates to the center stage of research on cuprate superconductors. Here, wefocus on a thematic understanding of the diverse phenomenology by exploring astrong-coupling mechanism of symmetry breaking driven by frustration ofantiferromagnetic order. We achieve this through a variational study of athree-band model of the CuO$_2$ plane with Kondo-type exchange couplingsbetween doped oxygen holes and classical copper spins. Two main findings fromthis strong-coupling multi-band perspective are 1) that the symmetry hierarchyof spin stripe, charge stripe, intra-unit-cell nematic order and isotropicphases are all accessible microscopically within the model, 2) manysymmetry-breaking patterns compete with energy differences within a few meV perCu atom to produce a rich phase diagram. These results indicate that thediverse phenomenology of broken-symmetry states in hole-doped antiferromagneticcharge-transfer insulators may indeed arise from hole-doped frustration ofantiferromagnetism.

Nematic and spin-charge orders driven by hole-doping a charge-transfer insulator