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The Parallel Nanowire Detector (PND) is a photon number resolving (PNR)detector which uses spatial multiplexing on a subwavelength scale to provide asingle electrical output proportional to the photon number. The basic structureof the PND is the parallel connection of several NbN superconducting nanowires(100 nm-wide, few nm-thick), folded in a meander pattern. PNDs were fabricatedon 3-4 nm thick NbN films grown on MgO (TS=400C) substrates by reactivemagnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The device performance wascharacterized in terms of speed and sensitivity. PNDs showed a counting rate of80 MHz and a pulse duration as low as 660ps full width at half maximum (FWHM).Building the histograms of the photoresponse peak, no multiplication noisebuildup is observable. Electrical and optical equivalent models of the devicewere developed in order to study its working principle, define designguidelines, and develop an algorithm to estimate the photon number statisticsof an unknown light. In particular, the modeling provides novel insight of thephysical limit to the detection efficiency and to the reset time of thesedetectors. The PND significantly outperforms existing PNR detectors in terms ofsimplicity, sensitivity, speed, and multiplication noise.

Physics and application of photon number resolving detectors based on superconducting parallel nanowires