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The fully kinetic simulations of magnetic nozzle acceleration are conductedto investigate the axial momentum gains of ions and electrons with theelectrostatic and Lorentz forces. Axial momentum gains per ion and electron aredirectly calculated from the kinetics of charged particles, indicating thatelectrons in the magnetic nozzle obtain the net axial momentum by the Lorentzforce even though they are decelerated by the electrostatic force. Whereas ionsare also accelerated by the electrostatic force, the axial momentum gain ofelectrons increases significantly with increasing the magnetic field strengthand becomes dominant in the magnetic nozzle. In addition, it is clearly shownthat the axial momentum gain of electrons is due to the electron momentumconversion from the radial to axial direction, resulting in the significantincrease in the thrust and the exhaust velocity.

Axial momentum gains of ions and electrons in magnetic nozzle acceleration