English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The goal of this manuscript is to estimate Type B uncertainties inabsorbed-dose calculations arising from the different implementations incurrent state-of-the-art Monte Carlo codes of low-energy photon cross-sections(<200 keV). Monte Carlo simulations are carried out using three codes widelyused in the low-energy domain: PENELOPE-2018, EGSnrc, and MCNP. Massenergy-absorption coefficients for water, air, graphite, and their respectiveratios; absorbed dose; and photon-fluence spectra are considered. Benchmarksimulations using similar cross-sections have been performed. The differencesobserved between these quantities when different cross-sections are consideredare taken to be a good estimator for the corresponding Type B uncertainties. Aconservative Type B uncertainty for the absorbed dose (k=2) of 1.2%-1.7% (<50keV), 0.6%-1.2% (50-100 keV), and 0.3% (100-200 keV) is estimated. Thephoton-fluence spectrum does not present clinically relevant differences thatmerit considering additional Type B uncertainties except for energies below 25keV, where a Type B uncertainty of 0.5% is obtained. Below 30 keV, massenergy-absorption coefficients show Type B uncertainties (k=2) of about 1.5%(water and air), and 2% (graphite), reaching values about 1% (40-50 keV) and0.5% (50-75 keV). Type B uncertainties for the water-to-graphite ratios areobserved for energies below 30 keV, about 0.7% (k=2). In contrast with theintermediate (about 500 keV) or high (about 1 MeV) energy domains, Type Buncertainties due to the different cross-sections implementation cannot beconsidered subdominant with respect to Type A uncertainties or even to othersources of Type B uncertainties. Therefore, the values reported here should beaccommodated within the uncertainty budget in low-energy photon dosimetrystudies.

A study of Type B uncertainties associated with the photoelectric effect in low-energy Monte Carlo simulations