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Spectral and grating-based differential phase-contrast X-ray imaging are twoemerging technologies that offer additional information compared withconventional attenuation-based X-ray imaging. In the case of spectral imaging,energy-resolved measurements allow the generation of material-specific imagesby exploiting differences in the energy-dependent attenuation. Differentialphase-contrast imaging uses the phase shift that an X-ray wave exhibits whentraversing an object as contrast generation mechanism. Recently, we haveinvestigated the combination of these two imaging techniques (spectraldifferential phase-contrast imaging) and demonstrated potential advantagescompared with spectral imaging. In this work, we present a noise analysisframework that allows the prediction of (co-) variances and noise power spectrafor all three imaging methods. Moreover, the optimum acquisition parameters fora particular imaging task can be determined. We use this framework for aperformance comparison of all three imaging methods. The comparison is focusedon (projected) electron density images since they can be calculated with allthree imaging methods. Our study shows that spectral differentialphase-contrast imaging enables the calculation of electron density images withstrongly reduced noise levels compared with the other two imaging methods for alarge range of clinically relevant pixel sizes. In contrast to conventionaldifferential phase-contrast imaging, there are no long-range noise correlationsfor spectral differential phase-contrast imaging. This means that excessive lowfrequency noise can be avoided. We confirm the analytical predictions bynumerical simulations.

physics in medicine and biology/physics in medicine and biology

A theoretical framework for comparing noise characteristics of spectral,  differential phase-contrast and spectral differential phase-contrast X-ray  imaging