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Bifurcation phenomena are ubiquitous in elasticity, but their study is often limited to linear perturbation or numerical analysis since second or higher variations are often beyond an analytic treatment. Here, we review two key mathematical ideas, namely, the splitting lemma and the determinacy of a function, and show how they can be fruitfully used to derive a reduced function, named Landau expansion in the paper, that allows us to give a simple but rigorous description of the bifurcation scenario, including the stability of the equilibrium solutions. We apply these ideas to a paradigmatic example with potential applications to various softly constrained physical systems and biological tissues: a stretchable elastic ring under pressure. We prove the existence of a tricritical point and find bistability effects and hysteresis when the stretching modulus is sufficiently small. These results seem to be in qualitative agreement with some recent experiments on heart cells.

Landau-like theory for buckling phenomena and its application to the elastica hypoarealis