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The economical lifetime of the divertor is a key concern for realizingnuclear fusion reactors that may solve the world's energy problem. A main riskis thermo-mechanical failure of the plasma-facing tungsten monoblocks, as aconsequence of irradiation hardening induced by neutron displacement cascades.Lifetime extensions that could be carried out without prolonged maintenanceperiods are desired. In this work, the effects of potential treatments forextending the lifetime of an operational reactor are explored. The proposedtreatments make use of cyclic recrystallization processes that can occur inneutron-irradiated tungsten. Evolution of the microstructure undernon-isothermal conditions is investigated, employing a multi-scale model thatincludes a physically-based mean-field recrystallization model and a clusterdynamics model for neutron irradiation effects. The model takes into accountmicrostructural properties such as grain size and displacement-induced defectconcentrations. The evolution of a hardness indicator under neutron irradiationwas studied. The results reveal that, for the given microstructure and underthe assumed model behaviour, periodical extra heating can have a significantpositive influence on controlling the irradiation hardening. For example, at800 C, if extra annealing at 1200 C was applied after every 100 hrs for theduration of 1 hr, then the hardness indicator reduces from maximum 140 to below70.

Controlled irradiation hardening of tungsten by cyclic recrystallization