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Detailed water kinematics are important for understandingatmosphere-ice-ocean energy transfer processes in the Arctic. There are few insitu observations of 2D velocity fields in the marginal ice zone. Particletracking velocimetry and particle image velocimetry are well known laboratorytechniques for measuring 2D velocity fields, but they usually rely on fragileequipment and pollutive plastic tracers. Therefore, in order to bring thesemethods to the field, we have developed a new system which combines a compactopen-source remotely operated vehicle as an imaging device, and air bubbles astracing particles. The data obtained can then be analyzed using imageprocessing techniques tuned for field measurements in the polar regions. Theproperties of the generated bubbles, such as the relation between terminalvelocity and diameter, have been investigated under controlled conditions. Theaccuracy and the spread of the velocity measurements have been quantified in awave tank and compared with theoretical solutions. Horizontal velocitycomponents under periodic waves were measured within the order of 10% accuracy.The deviation from theoretical solutions is attributed to the bubble inertiadue to the accelerated flow. We include an example from an Arctic fieldexpedition where the system was deployed and successfully tested from an icefloe. This work is an important milestone towards performing detailed 2D flowmeasurements under the ice in the Arctic, which we anticipate will help performmuch needed direct observations of the dynamics happening under sea ice.

Bringing optical fluid motion analysis to the field: a methodology using an open source ROV as camera system and rising bubbles as tracers