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Rapid development of micro- and nanofabrication methods have provokedinterest and enabled experimental studies of electronic properties of a vastclass of (sub)micrometer-size solid state systems. Mesoscopic-size hybridstructures, containing superconducting elements, have become interestingobjects for basic research studies and various applications, ranging frommedical and astrophysical sensors to quantum computing. One of the mostimportant aspects of physics, governing the behavior of such systems, is thefinite concentration of nonequilibrium quasiparticles, present in asuperconductor even well below the temperature of superconducting transition.Those nonequilibrium excitations might limit the performance of a variety ofsuperconducting devices, like superconducting qubits, single-electronturnstiles and microrefrigerators. On the contrary, in some applications, likedetectors of electromagnetic radiation, the nonequilibrium state is essentialfor their operation. It is therefore of vital importance to study themechanisms of nonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation in superconductors ofmesoscopic dimensions, where the whole structure can be considered as an`interface'. At early stages of research the problem was mostly studied inrelatively massive systems and at high temperatures close to the criticaltemperature of a superconductor. We review the recent progress in studies ofnonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation in superconductors including the lowtemperature limit. We also discuss the open physical questions and perspectivesof development in the field.

Relaxation of Nonequilibrium Quasiparticles in Mesoscopic Size Superconductors