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Neutron stars are unique testbeds for exploring the physics of stronglyinteracting matter in extreme regimes of density, temperature, and isospin thatare not accessible anywhere else in the universe. The nature of neutron starmatter can now be probed with gravitational-waves (GWs) from binary driven bynonlinear gravity, where phenomena such as tidal effects lead to characteristicmatter-dependent GW signatures. We focus here on the dominant tidal GW imprintsthat were most relevant for the event GW170817. We review the role of the tidaldeformability parameter, its definition, computation, and relation to theequation of state. We briefly discuss the implications of GW170817,representing the first-ever constraints on tidal deformability from GW data.Finally, we outline opportunities and challenges for probing subatomic physicswith GWs, as the measurements will become more precise and will probe adiversity of the binary neutron star population in the coming years.

Probing the equation of state of neutron star matter with gravitational waves from binary inspirals in light of GW170817: a brief review