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This study presents active beam steering and afocal zooming of light byincorporating liquid crystals (LCs) with graded index photonic crystal (GRINPC). The GRIN PC structures are composed of low refractive index polymerannular rods having gradually varied radii of holes. To actively manipulateincident light, the annular rods are infiltrated with nematic LCs. By applyingan external voltage to the infiltrated LCs, the effective index profile of thelow-index GRIN PC structure is modulated without introducing any mechanicalmovement. The incident beam deflection and corresponding focal distancemodulation are tuned only by controlling the applied bias voltage. In thepresent work, hyperbolic secant refractive index profile is chosen to designGRIN PC structures. To design GRIN PC structure with annular PCs,Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approximation is employed. Moreover, weanalytically express the relation between infiltrated LCs and gradientparameter to show the physical background of the tuning ability of the proposeddevices. Also, beam steering and afocal zooming devices are analyticallyinvestigated via geometrical optics and numerically realized with the help ofthe finite-difference time-domain method. A beam deflection with an anglechange of {\Delta}{\theta}out= 44{\deg} and a light magnification with maximumx2.15 are obtained. LCs are inexpensive materials and work under lowvoltage/power condition. This feature can be used for designing anelectro-optic GRIN PC device that can be useful in various opticalapplications.

Active beam steering and afocal zooming by nematic liquid crystal infiltrated graded index photonic structures