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Not long after metastable xenon was photoionized in a magneto-optical trap,groups in Europe and North America found that similar states of ionized gasevolved spontaneously from state-selected, high principal quantum numberRydberg gases. Studies of atomic xenon and molecular nitric oxide entrained ina supersonically cooled molecular beam subsequently showed much the same finalstate evolved from a sequence of prompt Penning ionization and electron-impactavalanche to plasma, well-described by coupled rate-equation simulations. But,measured over longer times, the molecular ultracold plasma was found to exhibitan anomalous combination of very long lifetime and very low apparent electrontemperature. This review summarizes early developments in the study ofultracold plasmas formed by atomic and molecular Rydberg gases, and thendetails observations as they combine to characterize properties of the nitricoxide molecular ultracold plasma that appear to call for an explanation beyondthe realm of conventional plasma physics.

Dissipative dynamics of atomic and molecular Rydberg gases: Avalanche to ultracold plasma states of strong coupling