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It is shown that electromagnetic potentials convey physical informationbeyond that supplied by electric and magnetic fields alone, and are thus morefundamental. Observable physical properties can impose conditions on theselection of electromagnetic gauge (i.e. sets of potentials) that are explicitand restrictive. This is true both classically and quantum mechanically. Theimplication that the choice of gauge carries physical information is confirmedby exhibiting a set of potentials that describes fields correctly, but thatviolates physical constraints. The basic conclusions are that physicalrequirements place limits on acceptable gauges; and that potentials are morefundamental than fields in both classical and quantum physics, representing amajor generalization of the quantum-only Aharonov-Bohm effect. These importantproperties are obscured if the dipole approximation is employed. The propertiesdemonstrated here relate directly to conditions that exist in strong-fieldlaser applications.

Physical restrictions on the choice of electromagnetic gauge and their practical consequences