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The tension between early and late Universe probes of the Hubble constant hasmotivated various new FLRW cosmologies. Here, we reanalyse the Hubble tensionwith a recent age of the Universe constraint. This allows us to restrictattention to matter and a dark energy sector that we treat without assuming aspecific model. Assuming analyticity of the Hubble parameter $H(z)$, and ageneric low redshift modification to flat $\Lambda$CDM, we find that lowredshift data ($z \lesssim 2.5$) and well-motivated priors only permit a darkenergy sector close to the cosmological constant $\Lambda$. This restrictionrules out late Universe modifications within FLRW. We show that early Universephysics that alters the sound horizon can yield an upper limit of $H_0 \sim 71\pm 1$ km/s/Mpc. Since various local determinations may be converging to $H_0\sim 73$ km/s/Mpc, a breakdown of the FLRW framework is a plausible resolution.We outline how future data, in particular strongly lensed quasar data, couldalso provide further confirmations of such a resolution.

Does Hubble Tension Signal a Breakdown in FLRW Cosmology?