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Pulsar timing observations precisely test general relativity. Recently, thehierarchical triple system PSR J0337+1715 has placed new constraints on theexistence of a fifth force from violation in the strong equivalence principle.Many alternative gravity theories exist with massive (pseudo-)scalar fields toexplain a variety of phenomena from the accelerating expansion of the universeat large scales to the QCD strong CP problem at small scales. We here develop ageneric formalism for the fifth force effect in theories involving massivescalar fields arising from e.g. string theory. With PSR J0337 measurements, wefind the strongest bound on the simplest theory with a massive scalar fieldbeyond general relativity and derive new constraints in other theories withaxions, dark matter mediators, and higher-curvature corrections. These resultsshow that the triple system J0337 provides a stringent test for massive scalarfields.

Probing Massive Scalar Fields from a Pulsar in a Stellar Triple System