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Pattern formation and self-organization are phenomena commonly observedexperimentally in diverse types of plasma systems, includingatmospheric-pressure electric arc discharges. However, numerical simulationsreproducing anode pattern formation in arc discharges have proven exceedinglyelusive. Time-dependent three-dimensional thermodynamic nonequilibriumsimulations reveal the spontaneous formation of self-organized patterns ofanode attachment spots in the free-burning arc, a canonical thermal plasma flowestablished by a constant DC current between an axi-symmetric electrodesconfiguration in the absence of external forcing. The number of spots, theirsize, and distribution within the pattern depend on the applied total currentand on the resolution of the spatial discretization, whereas the mainproperties of the plasma flow, such as maximum temperatures, velocity, andvoltage drop, depend only on the former. The sensibility of the solution to thespatial discretization stresses the computational requirements forcomprehensive arc discharge simulations. The obtained anode patternsqualitatively agree with experimental observations and confirm that the spotsoriginate at the fringes of the arc - anode attachment. The results imply thatheavy-species - electron energy equilibration, in addition to thermalinstability, has a dominant role in the formation of anode spots in arcdischarges.

Formation of Self-Organized Anode Patterns in Arc Discharge Simulations